Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. Despite their name, they are relatively abundant in the Earth's crust, but they are rarely found in high concentrations in a single location, hence the term "rare earths." These elements have unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical properties that make them essential components in various modern technologies.
Some common applications of rare earth elements include:
Magnets: REEs like neodymium and samarium are crucial for the production of powerful magnets used in electric vehicle motors, wind turbines, and consumer electronics.
Catalysts: Cerium and lanthanum are used in catalytic converters to reduce emissions from vehicles.
Electronics: REEs are used in the production of LCD screens, smartphones, and other electronic devices for their luminescent and conductive properties.
Defense: Rare earths are critical for the production of defense technologies, including guided missiles, radar systems, and aircraft components.
Clean Energy: REEs are used in the manufacturing of rechargeable batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles, as well as in solar panels and energy-efficient lighting.
Glass and Ceramics: Lanthanum, yttrium, and other rare earths are used in glass and ceramics to improve optical properties and strength.
China has been a dominant player in the rare earth industry, controlling a significant portion of global production and supply.